Methods of scaling and displaying a server-provided image

ABSTRACT

A client-server system includes a client in communication with one or more servers. For example, the client server system may be for accessing the World Wide Web (&#34;Web&#34;) in response to commands from the user. The client uses a display device to display a server-provided image to the user. The image is scaled down both horizontally and vertically, such that the entire horizontal dimension of the image is visible within the borders of the display device. Information corresponding to several Web pages may be maintained. Based on this information, images corresponding to these Web pages are displayed, each image including a reduced-size version of the corresponding Web page. A user inputted selection of one of these images is then accepted thereby accessing the corresponding Web page.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.08/660,088 entitled "Web Browser Allowing Navigation between HypertextObjects using Remote Control," filed on Jun. 3, 1996 U.S. Pat. No.6,034,689, incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present application is related to the following co-pending U.S.Patent applications:

U.S. Patent application entitled, "Method and Apparatus for ManagingCommunications Between a Client and a Server in a Network," havingapplication Ser. No. 08/660,087, and filed on Jun. 3, 1996;

U.S. Patent application entitled, "Method and Apparatus for ProvidingProxying and Transcoding of Documents in a Distributed Network," havingapplication Ser. No. 08/656,924, and filed on Jun. 3, 1996;

U.S. Patent application entitled, "A Method and Apparatus for UsingNetwork Address Information to Improve the Performance of NetworkTransactions," having application Ser. No. 08/656,923, and filed on Jun.3, 1996; which are assigned to the assignee of the present invention.

1. The Field of the Invention

The present invention pertains to the field of user interfaces foraccessing remotely stored information over a network. More particularly,the present invention relates to methods of scaling and displaying aserver-provided image.

2. The Prior State of the Art

The number of homes and businesses using personal computers hasincreased substantially in recent years, and along with this increasehas come an explosion in the use of the Internet, and particularly theWorld-Wide Web (Web). The Web is a collection of formatted hypertextpages located on numerous computers around the world that are logicallyconnected by the Internet. Although the Web has in the past been asource of primarily scientific information, it is now a valuableresource for information relating to almost any subject, includingbusiness, entertainment, travel, and education, to name just a few.Advances in network technology, and especially in software such as "Webbrowsers" (software applications which provide a user interface to theWeb), have made the Web accessible to a large segment of the population.

A problem associated with the prior art is that, in some cases, imagesthat are downloaded via a network connection are not appropriately sizedfor the display being used. One prior art solution for dealing with Webpages larger than the display is to allow horizontal and verticalscrolling. However, it has been found that horizontal scrolling can beconfusing to many people. Therefore, it would be advantageous to providea solution to displaying oversized image maps that eliminates the needfor horizontal scrolling.

In addition, Web browsers in the prior art have various otherdisadvantages that are overcome by the present invention, as describedin the detailed description which follows.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

As described below, a client-server system includes a client incommunication with a server. For example, the client server system maybe for accessing the World Wide Web (Web) in response to commands fromthe user. The client includes a processor and uses a display device todisplay a server-provided image to the user. In one implementation, theinvention includes a scaling operation to reduce the image size of allWeb page elements to fit within the horizontal dimension of atelevision-formatted display. Since it is desirable to retain uniformproportions, the scaling operation is performed on both the horizontaland vertical dimensions using the same scale factor. However, thescaling factor is based only upon the amount of scaling necessary to fitthe Web page within the horizontal borders of a television display.Thus, the only user scrolling operation required by the presentinvention is vertical scrolling.

In one implementation of the invention, the display can includescaled-down images of various Web pages, such as recent Web pages orfavorite Web pages, along with the title of each Web page. The user candirectly access any Web site represented in the display by selecting oneof the scaled-down images.

Other features of the present invention will be apparent from theaccompanying drawings and from the detailed description which follows.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention is illustrated by way of example and notlimitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which likereferences indicate similar elements and in which:

FIG. 1A illustrates several WebTV™ client systems connected to a WebTV™server system.

FIG. 1B illustrates a WebTV™ client system.

FIG. 1C is a block diagram of an electronics unit used to implement aWeb browser that can be operated by remote control.

FIG. 2A illustrates the functional relationship between hardware andsoftware in the client processing system of FIG. 1A.

FIG. 2B is a block diagram of the Web browser application software ofFIG. 2B.

FIG. 3 illustrates a remote control for controlling the Web browser.

FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate a displayed page of information containing anumber of hypertext anchors.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating a procedure for receiving andprocessing of an HTML document according to the present invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates several hypertext anchors as displayed on a displaydevice.

FIGS. 7A and 7B are a flow diagram illustrating the procedure ofmovement of a selection between two hypertext anchors in the downwarddirection using the remote control of FIG. 3.

FIGS. 7C and 7D are a flow diagram illustrating the procedure ofmovement of a selection between two hypertext anchors in the upwarddirection using the remote control of FIG. 3.

FIG. 8 illustrates a display screen displaying a server-side image mapand a selection icon.

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram illustrating a procedure for selecting an imagemap displayed on a display device and for accessing a Web pagerepresented by the image map.

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram illustrating a process for resealing cursorcoordinates in relation to a scaled-down image map.

FIG. 11 illustrates an image of an alphanumeric keyboard as displayed ona display device by the application software of the present invention.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example of a display showing representations ofrecently visited Web sites.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

A method and apparatus are described for allowing a user to navigatebetween a plurality of hypertext objects displayed on a display deviceusing a remote input device. In the following description, for purposesof explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order toprovide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will beevident, however, to one skilled in the art that the present inventionmay be practiced without these specific details. In other instances,well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form inorder to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present invention.

As will be described in greater detail below, the present inventionincludes steps for implementing a Web browser that allows a user tonavigate through hypertext objects included in a World-Wide Web(hereinafter "Web") page using a remote control. The user is notrequired to identify or locate hypertext objects; rather, the system ofthe present invention performs this function for the user. In thepreferred embodiment, the steps of the present invention are embodied inmachine-executable instructions. The instructions can be used to cause ageneral-purpose or special-purpose processor that is programmed with theinstructions to perform the steps of the present invention.Alternatively, the steps of the present invention might be performed byspecific hardware components that contain hardwired logic for performingthe steps, or by any combination of programmed computer components andcustom hardware components.

The present invention is included in a system known as WebTV™, whichuses a standard television set as a display device for browsing the Weband which connects to a conventional network, such as the Internet,using standard telephone, ISDN, or similar communication lines. Inaccordance with the present invention, a user of a WebTV™ client systemcan utilize WebTV™ network services provided by one or more remoteWebTV™ servers. The WebTV™ network services can be used in conjunctionwith software running in a WebTV™ client system to browse the Web, sendelectronic mail, and to make use of the Internet in various other ways.

FIG. 1 illustrates a basic configuration of the WebTV™ network accordingto one embodiment. A number of WebTV™ clients 1 are coupled to a modempool 2 via direct-dial, bi-directional data connections 29, which may betelephone (POTS, i.e., "plain old telephone service"), ISDN (IntegratedServices Digital Network), or any other similar type of connection. Themodem pool 2 is coupled typically through a router, such as thatconventionally known in the art, to a number of remote servers 4 via aconventional network infrastructure 3, such as the Internet. The WebTV™system also includes a WebTV™ server 5, which specifically supports theWebTV™ clients 1. The WebTV™ clients 1 each have a connection to theWebTV™ server 5 either directly or through the modem pool 2 and theInternet 3. Note that the modem pool 2 is a conventional modem pool,such as those found today throughout the world providing access to theInternet and private networks.

Client System Architecture

FIG. 1B illustrates a WebTV™ client 1. The WebTV™ client 1 includes anelectronics unit 10 (hereinafter referred to as "the WebTV™ box 10"), anordinary television set 12, and a remote control 11. In an alternativeembodiment of the present invention, the WebTV™ box 10 is built into thetelevision set 12 as an integral unit. The WebTV™ box 10 includeshardware and software for providing the user with a graphical userinterface, by which the user can access the WebTV™ network services,browse the Web, send e-mail, and otherwise access the Internet.

The WebTV™ client 1 uses the television set 12 as a display device. TheWebTV™ box 10 is coupled to the television set 12 by a video link 6. Thevideo link 6 is an RF (radio frequency), S-video, composite video, orother equivalent form of video link. The communication link 29 betweenthe WebTV™ box 10 and the server 5 is either a telephone (POTS)connection 29a or an ISDN connection 29b. The WebTV™ box 10 receives AC(alternating current) power through an AC power line 7.

Remote control 11 is operated by the user in order to control the WebTV™client 1 in browsing the Web, sending e-mail, and performing otherInternet-related functions. The WebTV™ box 10 receives commands fromremote control 11 via an infrared (IR) communication link. Inalternative embodiments, the link between the remote control 11 and theWebTV™ box 10 may be RF or any equivalent mode of transmission.

The WebTV™ box 10 includes application software which, when executed bya processor in the box 10, provides the user with a graphical userinterface by which the user can access the WebTV™ network services andbrowse the Web. The application software is automatically executed uponapplication of power to the WebTV™ box 10.

FIG. 1C is a block diagram of the internal features of the WebTV™ box10. Operation of the WebTV™ client 1 is controlled by a centralprocessing unit (CPU) 21, which is, coupled to an Application-SpecificIntegrated Circuit (ASIC) 20. The CPU 21 executes software designed toimplement features of the present invention. ASIC 20 contains circuitrywhich may be used to implement certain features provided by the WebTV™client 1. ASIC 20 is coupled to an audio digital-to-analog converter 25which provides audio output to television 12. In addition, ASIC 20 iscoupled to a video encoder 26 which provides video output to televisionset 12. An IR interface 24 detects IR signals transmitted by remotecontrol 11 and, in response, provides corresponding electrical signalsto ASIC 20. A standard telephone modem 27 and an ISDN modem 30 arecoupled to ASIC 20 to provide connections 29a and 29b, respectively, tothe modem pool 2 and, via the Internet 3, to the remote servers 4. Notethat the WebTV™ box 10 also may include a cable television modem (notshown).

Also coupled to ASIC 20 is Read-Only Memory (ROM) 22, which providesstorage of program code for implementing the application software to beexecuted by the WebTV™ box 10. Note that ROM 22 may be a programmableROM (PROM) or any form of erasable PROM (EPROM) or Flash memory. Alsocoupled to ASIC 20 is Random Access Memory (RAM) 23. A mass storagedevice 28 may optionally be provided and coupled to ASIC 20. The massstorage device 28 may be used to input software or data to the client orto download software of data received over network connection 29. Themass storage device 28 includes any suitable medium for storingmachine-executable instructions, such as magnetic disks, optical disks,and the like.

As mentioned above, the WebTV™ box 10 includes application softwareincluding a Web browser. Referring now to FIG. 2A, the above-mentionedapplication software 31 operates in conjunction with operating system(OS) software 32. The OS software 32 includes various device drivers andotherwise provides an interface between the application software 31 andthe system hardware components 40 (i.e., the elements illustrated inFIG. 1C).

In the preferred embodiment, the application software 31 and OS software32 are stored in ROM 22. It will be recognized, however, that either orboth of application software 31 and OS software 32 can be stored on anysuitable storage medium, including magnetic or optical storage devices.

The Web browser functions of the present invention are implemented byapplication software 31. FIG. 2B illustrates the functionalrelationships between the various components of application software 31.Application software 31 includes a communications manager 50, an HTML(Hypertext Mark-up Language) parser 51, a graphics engine 52, a layoutengine 53, an input system 54, a user interface 56, a selection handler55, and a streams manager 57. The client system receives Web pages overnetwork connection 29 in the form of HTML documents. Streams manager 57controls and coordinates movement of data throughout the system.

Each HTML document is initially input to communications manager 50.Communications manager 50 performs functions necessary to receive anHTML document, over the network connection 29 including handlinghigh-level communications protocols, such as HTTP (Hypertext TransportProtocol), TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol),etc. A received HTML document is provided by communications manager 50to HTML parser 51. HTML parser 51 converts HTML page descriptions to adisplayable format for the client system.

As is well known, an HTML document may contain text and/or refer toimages. Further, an HTML document may include one or more "hypertextanchors," which are displayable objects that provide a link to anotherWeb page. Hypertext anchors are also sometimes referred to as "hotlinks" or "hot spots." Each hypertext anchor is associated with aparticular URL (Uniform Resource Locator) or other logical addressrepresenting the location of the Web page to which the anchor provides alink. The URL may or may not be stored within the client system, as willbe discussed below. A hypertext anchor may be a word or a phrase oftext, an image, or a part of an image. The hypertext anchors and otherobjects which are to be displayed on a screen are defined in the HTMLdocument by a number of "tags" which specify information relating to thedisplayable object and its attributes (e.g., whether the object is ahypertext anchor, an image map, an image map containing hypertextanchors, etc.). Accordingly, HTML parser 51 separates tags from textwithin each HTML document under the control of the streams manager 57.

HTML parser 51 also generates a list of "displayables" (displayableobjects) from the received HTML document. In addition, the HTML parser51 generates a sorted list of "selectables" (selectable objects, i.e.,displayable objects which are hypertext anchors). The method ofgenerating this sorted list is discussed below in greater detail. Thedata structure containing the list of displayables is provided by HTMLparser 51 to layout engine 53, which places the displayable objects onthe screen of the television set 12. Image information, such as JPEG orGIF image information, are provided by HTML parser 51 to layout engine53 via a graphics engine 52, which is responsible for measuring anddrawing images.

In the course of browsing through a displayed Web page or betweendifferent Web pages, a user activates buttons on remote control 11,which, in response, transmits IR signals that are received by the WebTV™box 10. Input system 54 records these inputs and provides them toselection handler 55 and user interface 56. In addition, input system 54can handle input queuing and processing of inputs from various otherinput devices, such as a standard or IR keyboard. Selection handler 55receives commands provided by the user for moving a selection (of ahypertext anchor) around on the screen (i.e., moving a selection fromone hypertext anchor to another). The selection handler 55 determines,in response to the user inputs, which of the hypertext anchors in a Webpage should be a current selection and provides a selection indicationto the user of the current selection through the display of televisionset 12. Other aspects of the Web browser which are visible to the userare provided by user interface 56 based on signals received from inputsystem 54.

Remote Control

FIG. 3 illustrates remote control 11 in greater detail. In the preferredembodiment, remote control 11 is similar to and has the generalappearance of a common, hand-held remote control that is used to controla television set. In fact, remote control 11 may include controls forperforming any or all of the user-controlled functions of television set12. In an alternative embodiment, remote control 11 may be a wiredhand-held controller or a wired or wireless (e.g., IR) keyboard or anyother similar device. Remote control 11 includes Options button 7,Scroll Up button 8, Scroll Down button 9, direction buttons 15-18, Enterbutton 19, Home button 35, Back button 36, and Recent button 37.Direction buttons 15-18 include left button 15, right button 16, upbutton 17, and down button 18.

The functions of the controls on remote control 11 will be describedbelow in detail. However, a summary of certain ones of these functionsis helpful at this point. Home button 35 causes the WebTV™ box 10 todirectly access and display the Home page of the WebTV™ networkservices. Back button 3 allows the user to retrace his steps byrevisiting previously-visited Web pages in reverse chronological order.Recent button 37 is used to access a display indicating the most recentWeb sites (pages) the user has visited. From this display, the user willbe allowed to directly revisit any of those sites. Scroll Up button 8and Scroll Down button 9 are used to scroll the screen up or down,respectively, to display a previously undisplayed portion of a Web page.Direction buttons 15-18 allow the user to specify a direction ofmovement in order to select a new hypertext anchor. When Enter button 19is pressed, remote control 11 sends a command to the WebTV™ box 10 toactivate the hypertext link corresponding to the currently selectedhypertext anchor. That is, in response to Enter button 19 being pressed,the uniform resource locator (URL) or other logical address of thecurrently selected hypertext object is transmitted by the WebTV™ box 10over the network connection 29 (except in the case of certain imagemaps, as will be described below) in order to access the correspondingWeb page.

Hotlink Navigation

FIG. 4A illustrates an example of a Web page 100 which may be displayedby television 12 using the client system. Web page 100 is a sample homepage for a fictitious company, Company XYZ. Web page 100 includes anumber of hypertext anchors 101-115, each of which provides a link toanother Web page that is not currently displayed. In Web page 100,hypertext anchors 101, 102, 109, 110, 111, and 115 are image maps.Hypertext anchors 101 and 102 are included within image map 116, whichis not a hypertext anchor. Hypertext anchor 101 is the logo for CompanyXYZ. Logo anchor 101 may provide a link, for example, to another Webpage which provides a history of company XYZ. Hypertext anchor 115 mayprovide a link, for example, to an audio stream which generates thejingle (theme song) of Company XYZ, and which can be output to the userthrough the speaker of television 12. The remainder of the Web page 100contains informational text about Company XYZ grouped under theheadings: "Product Information," "Company News," "Personnel Profiles,""Sales Offices," and "Job Opportunities." Hypertext anchors 103-108 and112-114 are key words or phrases within the text.

The application software 31 provides a means for the user to navigatebetween the hypertext anchors displayed on a Web page, such as Web page100, using the remote control 11. In particular, application software31, in response to user inputs from remote control 11, moves a selectionfrom one hypertext object to another in a discrete movement. At a givenpoint in time, only one displayed hypertext object is selected and isdisplayed as a current selection. In FIG. 4A, for example, hypertextanchor 101 is selected and is indicated as the current selection byhighlighting 118. Once a hypertext anchor is selected, the user canactivate its link to another Web page by pressing "Enter" button 19. Tochange the current selection, the user specifies a direction in which hewishes to "move" the selection by pressing any of direction buttons15-18 on remote control 11. In response to one of these inputs, theapplication software 31 determines which of the other hypertext objectsin the HTML document, if any, to select and display as the new currentselection. In prior systems, the user is required to move apixel-accurate cursor over the screen in continuous movements and todetermine when the cursor coincides with a hypertext anchor. Incontrast, the present invention determines the location of all hypertextobjects and selects a new hypertext anchor based on the inputs receivedfrom remote control 11. The user is not required to locate hypertextobjects.

Assume now that the user wishes to change the current selection,hypertext anchor 101, to a new hypertext anchor--anchor 104, forexample. The present invention allows the user to do this by pressingone of direction buttons 15-19 on remote control 11. FIG. 4B illustratesthe Web page 100 as displayed with the anchor 104 as the currentselection, as indicated by highlighting 118. Using remote control 11,the user may move the current selection successively through all of thedisplayed hypertext anchors and may also access and select hypertextanchors in the current HTML document which are not currently displayedby scrolling the document.

FIG. 5 illustrates a process of setting up a data structure performed bythe application software 31 in order to permit the functions justdescribed. Initially, an HTML document is received via the networkconnection 29 (step 501). Next, the HTML document is parsed into textand tags (step 502). From the parsed HTML document, a list is generatedof the displayables in the current HTML document (step 503).Displayables may include either text or images. Methods of identifyingdisplayables in an HTML document are well known and need not bediscussed herein. From the list of displayables, a sorted list ofselectables (e.g., hypertext anchors) is generated (step 504).

The list of selectables is sorted as it is generated according to aninsertion sort routine. The selectables are sorted according to theirpositioning on the Web page, as it is to be displayed. Morespecifically, the list of selectables is formed according to thedirection of reading or writing in the English language (i.e., left toright, top to bottom). Sorting is performed first according to verticalposition, and then according to horizontal position. Accordingly, aselectable would be inserted into the selectable list at a positionbefore any selectables which it appears higher than on the Web page; aselectable would also be inserted into the selectable list at a positionbefore any selectables that it appears to the left of on the Web pagebut have the same vertical position.

In performing the insertion sort to generate the list of selectables,the determination of vertical positioning requires a determination ofwhether a given selectable falls "above" or "below" an existing entry ina selectable list. This determination can be complicated by the factthat there is often overlap in the vertical direction between twoselectables. In FIGS. 4A and 4B, for example, there is vertical overlapbetween anchors 109 and 110. The present invention resolves thisdifficulty in the following way: If there is overlap between a givenselectable and another selectable, then the given selectable isconsidered to be "below" the other selectable if the overlap between thetwo selectables is less than one-half of the height of the smaller ofthe two selectables and the top of the given selectable is below the topof the other selectable. If the overlap is not less than one-half of theheight of the smaller of the two selectables or if the top of the givenselectable is not below the top of the other selectable, then the givenselectable is not considered to be "below" the other selectable. Thissame criterion is applied to determine when a given selectable can beconsidered "above" another selectable. Further, this method of definingthe conditions "above" and "below" is also used in moving the currentselection in response to a user input, as will be discussed below.

Referring now to FIGS. 4A and 4B for example, the sorted list ofselectables generated from Web page 100 would have the following order(listed by reference numeral): 101, 102, 104, 103, 105, 106, 107, 108,109, 110, 112, 111, 113, 114, 115. It should be appreciated that in theactual implementation, the sorted list of selectables may actuallyconstitute a list of pointers to entries in the list of displayables.Note that in reading Web page 100 from top to bottom (in English), aperson would encounter anchor 104 before encountering anchor 103, sinceanchor 104 is in a line of text that is above the line of text includinganchor 103. Consequently, anchor 104 appears before anchor 103 in thesorted list of selectables. Note further that anchor 112 appears beforeanchor 111 in the sorted list of selectables; this is so because thereis overlap in the vertical direction between these two anchors, and theamount of overlap includes the entire height of anchor 112.Consequently, anchors 111 and 112 are considered to have the samevertical rank on Web page 100. However, since anchor 112 appears to theleft of anchor 111, anchor 112 is inserted into the sorted list beforeanchor 111.

The method of moving a selection between hypertext anchors using remotecontrol 11 will now be described with reference to FIGS. 6, 7A, and 7B.As mentioned above, a user may move the current selection left or rightby one hypertext anchor by pressing left button 15 or right button 16,respectively. In response to receiving an IR signal corresponding toeither button 15 or button 16, the software 31 of the present invention(specifically, selection handler 55) simply moves one position throughthe sorted list to determine the new current selection. That is, if leftbutton 15 was pressed, the new current selection will be one positionhigher in the sorted list from the current selection, whereas, if rightbutton 16 was pressed, the new current selection will be one positionlower in the sorted list from the current selection. In response to anyof direction buttons 15-18 being pressed, a new current selection willbe determined and the highlighting 118 will be moved to indicate the newcurrent selection. The screen may be scrolled to display the currentselection, as discussed below. As mentioned above, the user may activatethe hypertext link of the current selection by pressing "Enter" button19.

Movement of the current selection in response to down button 18 beingpressed will now be described with reference to FIG. 7A. When downbutton 18 is pressed, each entry (selectable) that appears in the sortedlist after the current selection is examined according to the followingroutine to determine whether it is a Best Guess. The Best Guess is aselectable which is, at least temporarily, considered to be the mostlikely selectable to be the new current selection based on the last userinput. As each entry in the list is tested, whichever entry is currentlyconsidered to be the Best Guess may then be replaced by the selectablebeing tested if the selectable being tested is determined to be a betterchoice. Once the end of the list is reached, the selectable that isdesignated as the Best Guess will be taken to be the new currentselection. Accordingly, highlighting 118 will be moved to indicate thenew current selection to the user.

In response to the down button 18 being pressed, the applicationsoftware 31 initially determines which selectable in the sorted list ofselectables is the next selectable after the current selectable (i.e.,after the current selection) (step 701); the result of thisdetermination will be referred to herein as "selectable₋₋ I". Next, thedetermination is made of whether selectable₋₋ I is currently displayedon the screen (step 702). If not, then the screen is scrolled down by apredetermined number of pixels, but less than an entire screen (step714). An exemplary number of pixels is 100, although that number isessentially arbitrary. After the screen is scrolled down by thepredetermined number of pixels, another determination is made of whetherselectable₋₋ I is displayed on the screen (step 715). If theselectable₋₋ I is still not displayed on the screen, then the currentselection is not changed, and the highlighting 118 is not moved (step713). Note that if the current selection is no longer visible after thescroll, no selection is displayed.

If, however, after scrolling down by the predetermined number of pixels(step 714), selectable₋₋ I is displayed on screen, or if selectable₋₋ Iwas displayed initially (step 702), then a determination is next made ofwhether the vertical overlap between the current selection andselectable₋₋ I is less than one-half of the height of the smaller of thecurrent selection and selectable₋₋ I (step 703). If so, a determinationis made of whether the top of selectable₋₋ I is below the top of thecurrent selection (step 704). Note that the order of these twodeterminations (steps 703 and 704) can be reversed, if desired. Notealso that these two determinations constitute the same test used todetermine the "below" condition when generating the sorted list ofselectables.

If the answer to either of these two determinations is "no," then theprocess proceeds to a determination of whether selectable₋₋ I is thelast selectable in the sorted list (step 711). If selectable₋₋ I is notthe last selectable in the list, then the procedure of FIGS. 7A and 7Bis repeated, taking the next selectable in the list as selectable₋₋ I(steps 718, 701). Alternatively, 24 if selectable₋₋ I is the lastselectable in the list, then the new current selection is taken to bewhichever selectable is currently designated as the Best Guess, asexplained below (step 712).

If (in step 703) the vertical overlap between the current selection andselectable₋₋ I is less than one-half of the height of the smaller of thecurrent selection and selectable₋₋ I, and (in step 704) the top ofselectable₋₋ I is below the top of the current selection (step 704),then it is next determined whether there is currently a Best Guess (step705). If there is not yet a Best Guess, then the Best Guess is taken tobe selectable₋₋ I (step 710). Again, if selectable₋₋ I is not the lastselectable in the list, then the process repeats from the beginning withthe next entry in the list. If (in step 705) there was already a BestGuess, then a determination is made of whether the top edge ofselectable₋₋ I has a higher vertical position (smaller "Y" coordinate)than the bottom edge of the Best Guess selectable (step 706). If not,then selectable₋₋ I is disregarded as a potential new Best Guess, sinceit is lower on the screen than the current Best Guess. The reason fordisregarding selectable₋₋ I in this case is an assumption that the userwould not wish to jump from the current selection to selectable₋₋ I ifthere is another selectable that is below the current selection butabove selectable₋₋ I. Accordingly, in that situation a determination isagain made as to whether selectable₋₋ I is the last selectable in thelist (step 711). If not) the process repeats from the beginning (steps718, 701) using the next entry in the list.

If (in step 706) the top of selectable₋₋ I is higher than the bottom ofthe Best Guess, then it is determined how much overlap, Guess Overlap,exists (if any) between the Best Guess and the current selection (step707) in the horizontal direction. Similarly, a determination is made ofhow much horizontal overlap, Selectable Overlap, exists (if any) betweenselectable₋₋ I and the current selection (step 708). If Guess Overlap isless than Selectable Overlap (step 709), then the Best Guess is replacedby selectable₋₋ I (step 710); that is, selectable₋₋ I is then consideredto be the new Best Guess. Accordingly, the process repeats using thenext entry in the sorted list of selectables, assuming selectable₋₋ Iwas not the last selectable on the list.

If (in step 709) Guess Overlap is not less than Selectable Overlap, thentwo situations might exist. The first situation is that the overlapamounts are equal (i.e., Guess Overlap=Selectable Overlap). The secondis that Selectable Overlap is greater than Guess Overlap. Generally, theamount of horizontal overlap will be equal when Guess Overlap andSelectable Overlap are both zero (i.e., when neither selectable₋₋ I northe Best Guess overlaps the current selection horizontally). If GuessOverlap and Selectable Overlap are equal, then selectable₋₋ I is takento be the new Best Guess (in step 710) only if the left edge of the BestGuess is farther from the left edge of the current selection than theleft edge of selectable₋₋ I is from the left edge of the currentselection (step 717). Otherwise, the process repeats using the nextselectable in the list.

If Guess Overlap is not less than Selectable Overlap and either: (1) theGuess Overlap does not equal Selectable Overlap, or (2) the left edge ofBest Guess is closer to the left edge of the current selection than theleft edge of selectable₋₋ I is to the left edge of the current selection(steps 716 and 717), then the Best Guess is retained, and the processrepeats (unless selectable₋₋ I was the last selectable in the list).

Once the last selectable in the list has been tested using the processjust described, then the new current selection is taken to be whicheverselectable is currently the Best Guess (step 712). The new currentselection is then highlighted (step 713).

The procedure of FIG. 7A will now be explained with reference to FIG. 6.FIG. 6 shows a number of hypertext anchors 131-136 and defines certainspatial relationships between those anchors. A sorted selectable list ofthe anchors in FIG. 6 would have the following order: 132, 131, 133,134, 135, 136. Assume now that the current selection is anchor 131 asindicated by highlighting 118. Assume further that the user has justentered an input by pressing the down button 18 on remote control 11. Inresponse, the application software 31 initiates the process of examiningentries in the sorted selectable list that follow selectable 131 (i.e.,beginning with selectable 133). Note that selectable 132 appears before131 in the sorted list because it is "above" selectable 131 (accordingto the criteria described above) and is therefore not considered inresponse to the down button 18 being pressed. Therefore, according tothe routine of FIG. 7A, the amount of vertical overlap betweenselectable 133 and selectable 131, if any, is determined. In thisexample, the amount of overlap is four units. The dimensions illustratedin FIG. 6 are provided only for purposes of illustration and can haveessentially any units, such as pixels, for example. Since the amount ofvertical overlap (four units) between selectable 133 and selectable 131is greater than one-half of the height of the smaller of these twoselectables (one-half of the height of selectable 133, which is 6/2, or3), selectable 133 is not considered to be "below" selectable 131.Consequently, since there is currently no Best Guess, selectable 133 isignored and the next selectable in the list, selectable 134, isexamined. (If there were currently a Best Guess, then that Best Guesswould be retained.)

Continuing now through the sorted list of selectables, selectable 134overlaps selectable 131 in the vertical direction by two units. Twounits is less than one-half of the height of the smaller of these twoselectables (which are equal in height). Further, the top edge ofselectable 133 is below the top edge of selectable 131. Therefore,selectable 134 is considered to be "below" selectable 131, andselectable 134 is taken to be the new Best Guess (step 710). The nextselectable to be examined is selectable 135. Selectable 135 does notoverlap selectable 131 and is, therefore, considered to be below thecurrent selection. However, the top edge of selectable 135 is below thebottom edge of the Best Guess, selectable 134. Therefore, selectable 135is not a "better" Best Guess than the current Best Guess, selectable134. Consequently, selectable 134 is retained as the Best Guess and thenext selectable in the list, selectable 136 is examined. Essentially thesame analysis applies to selectable 136 as to selectable 135. Therefore,when the end of the sorted list is reached, the Best Guess remainsselectable 134. Consequently, it is determined that the new currentselection is selectable 134. Accordingly, selectable 134 is highlightedto so indicate.

In a different scenario, assume now that the current selection isselectable 132 and that down button 18 is pressed. The next selectablein the sorted list of selectables after selectable 132 is selectable131. Therefore, selectable 131 is the first selectable to be examined.Selectable 131 does not overlap selectable 132 by more than four units(1/2 the height of selectable 131). Further, the top edge of selectable131 is below the top edge of selectable 132. Therefore, selectable 131is considered to be "below" selectable 132 and is taken to be the BestGuess. Moving through the sorted list, the next selectable to beexamined is selectable 133. Selectable 133 meets the conditions forbeing "below" the current selection, selectable 132. Moreover, the topedge of selectable of 133 is not below the bottom edge of the currentBest Guess, selectable 131. Therefore, selectable 133 is, so far, noteliminated from consideration. Instead, the amount of horizontal overlapis determined between selectable 133 and the current selectionselectable 132 and between selectable 131 and the current selection. Inthis case, both selectable 131 and selectable 133 have no horizontaloverlap with the current selection, selectable 132. Therefore, the nextstep is to determine (step 717) whether the left edge of the currentselection is closer to the left edge of selectable 131 or to the leftedge of selectable 133. Here, the left edge of 131 is closer. Therefore,selectable 131 is retained as the Best Guess (step 710). The aboveprocess then continues by examining the next selectable in the sortedlist, selectable 134, and so forth, until the end of the sorted list isreached. At that point, the Best Guess is taken as the new currentselection.

In yet another scenario, assume that the current selection is selectable133 and that down button 18 was just pressed. Selectable 134 is thefirst selectable in the list to be examined. The overlap betweenselectable 134 and 133 is greater than one-half the height of thesmaller of these two selectables (i.e., greater than 6/2, or 3).Therefore, selectable 134 is eliminated from consideration. At thispoint there is no Best Guess. Selectable 135 is considered next.Selectable 135 does not vertically overlap the current selection,selectable 133, and the top of selectable 135 is below the top of thecurrent selection. Therefore, selectable 135 is taken to be the BestGuess. Next, selectable 136 is considered. Selectable 136 does notoverlap the current selection, nor is the top edge of the selectable 136below the bottom edge of selectable 135. Therefore, the horizontaloverlap between the Best Guess and the current selection (GuessOverlap), and between selectable 136 and the current selection(Selectable Overlap), are determined. The Guess Overlap is zero.However, Selectable Overlap is four units. Therefore, because SelectableOverlap is greater than Guess Overlap, selectable 136 is taken to be thenew Best Guess. Further, since selectable 136 is the last selectable inthe sorted list, the new current selection is taken to be the currentBest Guess, selectable 136.

The procedure of changing the selection in response to up button 17being pressed is illustrated in FIGS. 7C and 7D. The procedure for upbutton 17 is substantially identical to the procedure for down button 18(FIGS. 7A and 7B) and therefore need be not be described on astep-by-step basis. Nonetheless, certain differences should be noted. Inresponse to the up button 17, in contrast with the procedure for downbutton 18: (1) entries in the list of selectables are examined movingbackward through the list (not forward) starting with the selectableimmediately preceding the current selection (steps 751, 768), until allselectables in the list preceding the current selection have beenexamined; (2) the amount of vertical overlap is calculated in order todetermine whether a selectable, selectable₋₋ I, is "above" the currentselection, not "below" (step 754); (3) selectable₋₋ I is ignored as apossible new current selection if the bottom of selectable₋₋ I is abovethe top of the current Best Guess (step 756); and, (4) if selectable₋₋ Iis not currently displayed, the screen is scrolled up (not down) by apredetermined number (e.g., 100) of pixels.

Image Maps

Another feature provided by application software 31 is that it candistinguish between and handle various types of image maps, such as"client-side" image maps and "server-side" image maps. A "client-side"image map is defined herein to be an image map for which the clientsystem has a URL. The client system can therefore directly access anyWeb page to which a client-side image map is linked. In contrast, a"server-side" image map is defined herein to be an image map which is orincludes one or more hypertext anchors, the URLs of which are notavailable to the client system. That is, the information for aserver-side image map is stored on one or more server systems. Theclient system activates a link to a server-side image map bytransmitting the screen coordinates corresponding to that image map toone of the server systems, which in turn accesses the URL of thecorresponding hypertext object.

Referring again to FIG. 4A, Web page 100 includes image map 116. Imagemap 116 includes hypertext anchors 101 and 102. Assume now that imagemap 116 is a client-side image map. Therefore, in moving the currentselection in response to user inputs, hypertext anchors 101 and 102 aretreated as any other hypertext objects on Web page 100. That is, theselection can be moved back and forth between anchors 101 and 102, orbetween either of these anchors and any other anchor on Web page 100,using the direction buttons 15-18. Assume instead that image map 116 isa server-side image map. In that case, the HTML document received by theclient system does not specify the URLs associated with hypertextanchors 101 and 102. Therefore, the entire image map 116 is treated as asingle selectable for purposes of navigating between selectables.

When a server-side bit map is currently selected, a selection icon, suchas a cross-hairs 119, will be displayed within the boundaries of theimage map, as shown in FIG. 8, in response to the user's pressing"Enter" button 19. Once the selection icon is displayed, the directionalbuttons 15-18 will control movement of the selection icon. Each time oneof buttons 15 through 18 is pressed, the selection icon will be moved apredetermined number of pixels in the direction represented by thatbutton. If a directional button is pressed multiple times in rapidsuccession, or if the user holds a directional button down, the distancewhich the cross-hairs 119 are moved for each press of the button will beincreased over the normal distance increment. When the user presses"Enter" button 19, the coordinates of cross-hairs 119 relative to theupper left comer of the image map are transmitted by the client systemover the network connection 29 to the server system which provided theHTML document and which has the URL or other address of any hypertextanchors included in the server-side image map. If the transmittedcoordinates coincide with a hypertext anchor, (e.g., anchor 101 or 102in FIG. 8), the server system then accesses the Web page at thecorresponding URL or other address and transmits an HTML documentdefining that Web page to the client system.

As noted above, an image map may be or may include one or more hypertextanchors. FIG. 9 illustrates a procedure by which the present inventionhandles server-side image maps. Note that the determination of whetheran image map is a client-side image map or a server side image map ismade at layout time based on the contents of the received HTML document.The method of making such a determination is well-known. Referring toFIG. 9, when the current selection is a server-side image map, theselection icon 119 is displayed superimposed on the image map within theboundaries of the image map (step 901). Any convenient point within theimage map, such as the centroid of the image map, can be taken as thepoint at which the selection icon is initially displayed. The systemthen waits for either the "Enter" command or an input entered throughone of the direction buttons 15-18 to move the selection icon (steps 902and 903), as long as the image map is selected (step 905). If an inputis received from one of buttons 15-18, then the selection icon is movedaccordingly (step 904). If the "Enter" command is received via button19, then the client system transmits the X,Y coordinates of theselection icon over the network connection 29 (step 906). In response,the server system that provided the HTML document determines whether thecoordinates correspond to a hypertext anchor, as described above. If so,the Web page at the corresponding address is retrieved and transmittedback to the client system over the network connection 29.

In some cases, images that are downloaded via the network connection 29will not be appropriately sized for display on television set 12. Thisis because images generally will be sized for display on a computermonitor rather than on an ordinary television set. One prior artsolution for dealing with Web pages larger than the display is to allowhorizontal and vertical scrolling. However, it has been found thathorizontal scrolling can be confusing to some people.

Because a key aspect of the present invention is to simplify the userinterface for Web browsing, therefore, the present invention provides amechanism to eliminate the need for horizontal scrolling for oversizedWeb pages. This mechanism is a scaling operation to reduce the imagesize of all Web page elements to fit within the horizontal dimension ofa television-formatted display. Since it is desirable to retain uniformproportions, the scaling operation is performed on both the horizontaland vertical dimensions using the same scale factor. However, thescaling factor is based only upon the amount of scaling necessary to fitthe Web page within the horizontal borders of a television display. Thevalue of the scaling factor will depend upon the particular televisionformat used by the client 1 (e.g., NTSC, PAL, etc.). Thus, the only userscrolling operation required by the present invention is verticalscrolling.

In one embodiment, the scaling operation is performed in the client 1 bythe Web browser. In another embodiment, the scaling is performed in theserver 5, which functions as a proxying server in such embodiment.

This scaling operation must be taken into account when transmittingcoordinates of the selection icon within a server-side image map;otherwise, the transmitted coordinates will be inaccurate. Therefore,before the coordinates of the selection icon are transmitted across thenetwork connection 29, the coordinates must be scaled up based on thescale factor that was used to scale the image map down.

FIG. 10 illustrates the procedure for rescaling coordinates beforetransmitting. Initially, it is determined whether the image map wasscaled down for display on television set 12 (step 1001). If not, thenthe X,Y coordinates of the selection icon 119 are transmitted unchanged.If the image map was scaled down, then the new X coordinate is taken tobe the old X coordinate, divided by the scale factor, and then truncatedto an integer value (step 1002). The scale factor is assumed here to bebetween zero and one. Similarly, the new Y coordinate is taken to be theold Y coordinate divided by the scale factor, and then truncated to aninteger value (step 1003). The new X and Y coordinates are thentransmitted over the network connection 29 (step 1004) to the serversystem.

Web Page by Address

The application software 31 also provides a means by which the user canaccess a given Web page directly when the user knows the URL of that Webpage. Using remote control 11, the user accesses this feature bypressing an appropriate button, such as Option button 7, to access amenu and then selecting the appropriate menu item. Upon receiving thisinput via the IR interface, software 31 would display a screen ontelevision set 12 as shown in FIG. 11. The display screen includes animage map including a representation of an alphanumeric keyboard. Eachkey in the keyboard image is represented as a distinct object insoftware 31 and functions as a "soft button"; that is, each key can beselected and used to enter the letter it represents using the remotecontrol 11. Control of the selection indicator 118 between the varioussoft buttons in the alpha numeric keyboard image is performed inessentially the same manner used to control movement between thehypertext anchors as described above.

When the keyboard image 120 is initially displayed, one of the keys ishighlighted, such as the "A" key. The user may then use the directionalbuttons 15-18 on remote control 11 to move the selection on the screen.The user enters any given letter by selecting that letter and thenpressing "Enter" button 19. This causes the selected letter to berecognized by the client system and displayed in window 122. Once theuser enters the complete URL, the URL can be transmitted by selectingthe "Return" key and then pressing "Enter" button 19. In response theclient system will transmit the URL over network connection 29 in orderto access the corresponding Web page.

Of course, a conventional keyboard (for example, a battery-powered IRkeyboard) can be used optionally with the present invention. In thatcase, the user may directly enter text without the need to display akeyboard image on screen.

Revisiting Web Sites

Prior art Web browsers have certain limitations in the way they providethe "Forward" and "Back" functions, as described above (see "Backgroundof the Invention"). In particular, analogizing Web browsing to movingthrough a tree hierarchy of Web pages, there is often ambiguity in theprior art when moving down one level (Web page) in the tree hierarchy toa level that was already visited, since there may be many branches(hypertext links) from each level. Further, if the user wishes to returnto where he was after having backed up by several levels, he generallymust remember the path he took to get there and then retrace his stepsexactly. Therefore, the application software 31 includes a mechanism,known as the "Recent" function, which overcomes these limitations. The"Recent" function subsumes the "Forward" function while eliminating theabove-described ambiguity and providing additional functionality.

The application software 31 maintains a history of the Web sitesvisited, including the associated logical address (e.g., URL) of eachsite, in order to allow the user to revisit Web sites. When the userpresses Recent button 4, this saved information is retrieved, and a"Recent" display is generated including visual representations ofseveral of the most recently visited Web sites, regardless of theirpositions in the tree hierarchy. The "Recent" display thereforerepresents a sequential history of Web sites recently visited prior tothe current Web site.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example of a "Recent" display. The "Recent"display includes a number of images 141-149 displayed in row-and-columnformat. The images 141-149 are scaled-down images of the most recentlyvisited Web pages. The user can press the directional buttons 15-18 toselect one of the recent Web sites (the selected site being indicated byhighlighting 118) and then press the Enter button 19 to return directlyto the selected site. Note that the user can also directly return to theWebTV™ home page by selecting and entering image 141. The title of eachrepresented Web page is also displayed with its associated image toallow the user to more easily identify the page. Hence, each time anHTML document representing a Web page is received, the title of the Webpage, as specified in the HTML document, is saved as part of thehistorical information for later use with the "Recent" function.

When the user presses the Back button 36, the user is taken to thepreviously-visited Web page in reverse chronological order. That is,each time the Back button 36 is pressed, the user is taken up one levelin the tree hierarchy. The application software 31 automatically causesthe URL of that site to be invoked. In addition, the applicationsoftware 31 also saves the selection that was entered by the user (usingEnter button 19) at each Web site. Therefore, as each Web site isrevisited in response to the Back button 36, the selectable that theuser entered when he previously visited that site is automaticallyhighlighted as the current selection. Hence, the user only needs topress the Enter button 19 to reverse direction and retrace his stepsgoing forward (down the tree hierarchy). This feature allows the user tomaintain his context for each Web page, which may be several screenslong. In addition, if that selectable is a server-side image map, theselection icon (e.g., cross-hairs 119; see FIG. 8) is automaticallydisplayed in the image map in response to the Back button 36, at theprecise location at which it was located when the user pressed the Enterbutton 19.

As the user returns to each Web page moving forward, the selectable hepreviously chose at that page is automatically highlighted, as was thecase when moving backward (up the tree). Consequently, if the userwishes to resume moving forward after having used the "Back" function,he is not required to remember which hypertext anchors he had originallyselected. This feature, therefore, further serves to eliminate ambiguityassociated with prior art "Forward" functions.

Favorites

The present invention provides a function by which the user can quicklyaccess his favorite Web sites. In particular, the user may save any Webpage he visits as a "Favorite". In addition, in one embodiment, theWebTV™ client 1 or the WebTV™ server 5 supplements the user-specifiedFavorites with a list of the Web sites most frequently visited by theuser. The user can then select a "Favorites" menu item on the WebTV™home page to see a representation of his favorite Web sites.

Selection of the "Favorites" menu item causes the user's favorite Websites to be displayed in a forcing similar to that of the Recent display(see FIG. 12). That is, the "Favorites" display includes scaled-downimages of various Web pages along with the title of each Web page. Aswith the Recent display, the user can directly access any Web siterepresented in the "Favorites" display by selecting one of thescaled-down images using the directional buttons 15-18 and Enter button19.

Scrolling

By pressing Scroll Up button 8 or Scroll Down button 9, the user cancause the display to be scrolled up or down, respectively, to displayundisplayed portions of the current Web page. The display is generallyscrolled by approximately one entire screen. However, the amount ofscrolling can be tuned to the user's preference. When scrolling down,the display will generally be scrolled so that the lastcurrently-displayed line in the current HTML document becomes the topline of the new screen to be displayed. An exception occurs, however, ifthat HTML line is larger than one screen, as in the case of some largeimages and tables. In that case, the display is scrolled only by onescreen. This technique provides the advantage that HTML lines containinglarge image maps or tables can be viewed more easily, since these lineswill be lined up with the top of the screen when the user scrolls down.

When scrolling up, the display will generally be scrolled up so that thetop line of the new screen is the highest fully visible HTML line of theprevious screen. If that line is larger than one screen, however, thenthe display will only be scrolled up by one screen.

Audio Functions

The application software 31 includes the capability to cause music orsound effects to be played through a speaker of the television set 12based on audio information received over the network connection 29. Inthe preferred embodiment, the audio information is in MIDI (MusicalInstrument Digital Interface) format. Once decoded by the WebTV™ box 10,the received audio information is provided to the television set via anaudio channel of video link 6. The WebTV™ network services provide MIDIaudio information to the WebTV™ box 10 for the purpose of generatingbackground music to the user. The application software 31 generallycauses the background music to be played to the user while the user iseither downloading or viewing Web pages. That is, MIDI sound informationfor generating background music is downloaded "on the fly" while viewsof other Web pages are downloaded, so that the user is provided with acontinuous stream of music. In one embodiment, two or more songs areinitially downloaded when the WebTV™ client system 1 initiates aconnection to the server system 2. In order to provide a continuousstream of background music, one song is downloaded from the networkwhile another song is being played to the user.

In one embodiment, the background music is suspended whenever a Web pagehas its own music, such that the background music associated with theWeb page is played instead. Once the user leaves that Web page, thebackground music provided by the WebTV™ network services is resumed.

In addition, the application software 31 also provides certain specialsound effects. The special sound effects are superimposed upon (i.e.,played concurrently with) the background music. Some of the soundeffects are used to provide the user with audio feedback when operatingthe remote control 11. For example, a specific sound effect isassociated with each function of the remote control 11. Audio feedbacksuch as this is advantageous, since the user of the present inventionwill likely be positioned farther from the display than he would be ifhe were using an ordinary personal computer to browse the Web.

Thus, a method and apparatus have been described for allowing a user tonavigate between a plurality of hypertext objects displayed on a displaydevice using a remote input device. Although the present invention hasbeen described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments, it willbe evident that various modifications and changes may be made to theseembodiments without departing from the broader spirit and scope of theinvention as set forth in the claims. Accordingly, the specification anddrawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictivesense.

What is claimed and desired to be secured by United States LettersPatent is:
 1. In a web-accessing client-server system including a clientin communication with at least one server through a proxying server, theclient using a standard television display device to display an image toa user, the standard television display device having a plurality ofborders, a method of scaling an image that initially has a horizontaldimension larger than the horizontal dimension of the standardtelevision display device such that the entire horizontal dimension ofthe scaled image is visible on the standard television display devicewithout horizontal scrolling, the method comprising:at the proxyingserver, scaling the image horizontally and vertically according to aformat of the standard television display device, such that the entirehorizontal dimension of the image will be visible within the borders ofthe standard television display device when the scaled image isdisplayed on the display device; at the proxying server, scaling thecoordinates of the image such that the image will be properly positionedon the standard television display device when the scaled image isdisplayed on the standard television display device; and transmittingthe scaled image from the proxying server to the client such that theentire horizontal image can be displayed on the standard televisiondisplay device without requiring horizontal scrolling.
 2. A methodaccording to claim 1, wherein the display device comprises a television.3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the display device is an RGB(red-green-blue) monitor.
 4. A method according to claim 1, wherein thedisplay device is a window on an RGB (red-green-blue) monitor.
 5. Amethod according to claim 1, wherein the scaled image further comprisesa scaled selection icon corresponding to a hypertext object having anaddress, the method further comprising the steps of:receiving a userinput specifying scaled coordinates within the scaled selection icon;reversing, at the proxying server, the scaling performed on the scaledcoordinates to produce icon coordinates; and transmitting the iconcoordinates to one of the at least one server to access informationlocated at the address.
 6. In a web-accessing client system incommunication with a plurality of server systems through a proxyingserver, the client system being coupled to a standard television displaydevice, a method of providing a user interface for accessing one of theserver systems, the method comprising the steps of:causing a displayenvironment to be displayed on the standard television display devicesuch that images displayed on the standard television display device canbe scrolled only vertically; receiving an image from one of the serversystems through the proxying server, the image having a horizontaldimension, wherein the image has been scaled horizontally and verticallyat the proxying server according to a format of the standard televisiondisplay device; and displaying the image in the display environment onthe standard television display device, such that the entire scaledhorizontal dimension of the image fits within the display environmentwithout horizontal scrolling.
 7. A method according to claim 6, whereinthe display device is a television.
 8. A method according to claim 6,wherein the display device is an RGB (red-green-blue) monitor.
 9. Amethod according to claim 6, wherein the display device is a windowdisplayed on an RGB (red-green-blue) monitor.
 10. A method according toclaim 6, wherein the image is a hypertext image having an address, themethod further comprising the steps of:receiving a user input specifyingcoordinates within the scaled image; scaling the coordinates based onthe step of scaling the image, to generate scaled coordinates; andtransmitting the scaled coordinates to one of the server systems toaccess information corresponding to the address.
 11. A method accordingto claim 6, further comprising the step of receiving a user inputentered by a user from a remote control device for causing the image tobe scrolled vertically on the display device.
 12. In a proxying serverincluded in a web-accessing system that also includes a client and atleast one server, wherein the client can communicate with the at leastone server via the proxying server, a method of scaling an image thatinitially has a horizontal dimension larger than the horizontaldimension of the standard television display device such that the entirehorizontal dimension of the scaled image is visible on the standardtelevision display device without horizontal scrolling, the methodcomprising:at the proxying server, selecting a scaling factor based onthe horizontal dimension of the image and the horizontal dimension ofthe standard television display device; at the proxying server,horizontally and vertically scaling the image by the factor such thatthe entire horizontal dimension of the image will be visible on thestandard television display device without horizontal scrolling when theimage is displayed on the standard television display device; scaling,at the proxying server, icon coordinates of a selection icon containedin the image by the factor such that the icon coordinates are accuratewithin the scaled image; and transmitting the scaled image, includingthe scaled icon coordinates, to the client.
 13. A method as defined inclaim 12, wherein the display device is a television.
 14. A method asdefined in claim 12, wherein the display device is an RGB(red-green-blue) monitor.
 15. A method as defined in claim 12, whereinthe selection icon corresponds to a hypertext having an address.
 16. Amethod as defined in claim 15, the method further comprising the stepsof:receiving a user input specifying scaled coordinates within thescaled image; reversing the step of scaling the scaled coordinates suchthat the icon coordinates are produced; and transmitting the iconcoordinates to the server to access information located at the address.